- Abstraction
- Encapsulation
- Polymorphism
- Inheritance
- Association
- Aggregation
- Composition
Abstraction
Abstraction is the concept of hiding the internal details and describing things in simple terms. For example, a method that adds two integers. The internal processing of the method is hidden from the outer world. There are many ways to achieve abstraction in object-oriented programmings, such as encapsulation and inheritance.
A Java program is also a great example of abstraction. Here java takes care of converting simple statements to machine language and hides the inner implementation details from the outer world.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the technique used to implement abstraction in object-oriented programming. Encapsulation is used for access restriction to class members and methods.
Access modifier keywords are used for encapsulation in object oriented programming. For example, encapsulation in java is achieved using private, protected and public keywords.
Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the concept where an object behaves differently in different situations. There are two types of polymorphism – compile time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism.
Compile time polymorphism is achieved by method overloading. For example, we can have a class as below.
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public class Circle { public void draw(){ System.out.println("Drwaing circle with default color Black and diameter 1 cm."); } public void draw(int diameter){ System.out.println("Drwaing circle with default color Black and diameter"+diameter+" cm."); } public void draw(int diameter, String color){ System.out.println("Drwaing circle with color"+color+" and diameter"+diameter+" cm."); } } |
Here we have multiple draw methods but they have different behavior. This is a case of method overloading because all the methods name is same and arguments are different. Here compiler will be able to identify the method to invoke at compile time, hence it’s called compile time polymorphism.
Runtime polymorphism is implemented when we have “IS-A” relationship between objects. This is also called as method overriding because subclass has to override the super-class method for run-time polymorphism.
If we are working in terms of super-class, the actual implementation class is decided at run-time. Compiler is not able to decide which class method will be invoked. This decision is done at run-time, hence the name as run-time polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch.
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package com.onlinenote.example1; public interface Shape { public void draw(); } |
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package com.onlinenote.example1; public class Circle implements Shape{ @Override public void draw(){ System.out.println("Drwaing circle"); } } |
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package com.onlinenote.example1; public class Square implements Shape { @Override public void draw() { System.out.println("Drawing Square"); } } |
Shape is the superclass and there are two subclasses Circle and Square. Below is an example of runtime polymorphism.
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Shape sh = new Circle(); sh.draw(); Shape sh1 = getShape(); //some third party logic to determine shape sh1.draw(); |
In above examples, java compiler don’t know the actual implementation class of Shape that will be used at run-time, hence run-time polymorphism.
Inheritance
Inheritance is the object oriented programming concept where an object is based on another object. Inheritance is the mechanism of code reuse. The object that is getting inherited is called super-class and the object that inherits the super-class is called subclass.
We use extends keyword in java to implement inheritance. Below is a simple example of inheritance in java.
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package com.oninenote.example1; class SuperClassA { public void foo(){ System.out.println("SuperClassA"); } } class SubClassB extends SuperClassA{ public void bar(){ System.out.println("SubClassB"); } } public class Test { public static void main(String args[]){ SubClassB a = new SubClassB(); a.foo(); a.bar(); } } |
Association
Association is the OOPS concept to define the relationship between objects. Association defines the multiplicity between objects. For example Teacher and Student objects. There is one to many relationship between a teacher and students. Similarly a student can have one to many relationship with teacher objects. However both student and teacher objects are independent of each other.
Aggregation
Aggregation is a special type of association. In aggregation, objects have their own life cycle but there is an ownership. Whenever we have “HAS-A” relationship between objects and ownership then it’s a case of aggregation.
Composition
Composition is a special case of aggregation. Composition is a more restrictive form of aggregation. When the contained object in “HAS-A” relationship can’t exist on it’s own, then it’s a case of composition. For example, House has-a Room. Here room can’t exist without house.