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cat /etc/apt/sources.list | perl -ne '$H{$_}++ or print' > /tmp/sources.list && sudo mv /tmp/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list |
Edit a file using comand line
press Alt+F2 and type gnome-terminal if you’re using GUI
Then type
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sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list |
(To understand better: in the directory /etc you can find (nearly) all configuration files of your computer and in the apt directory you find the souces.list file that contains all the repositories that APT uses to update or install and upgrade software)
Edit the file removing or commenting
How to fix “W: Duplicate sources.list entry”?
Use the Ubuntu Sources List Generator.
- Run
sudo -H nautilusin terminal - Find
/etc/apt/sources.list - Right click and open the file with a text editor (if you click on it, it will open the software sources GUI)
- Simply copy and paste into the
sources.listand save. - Exit terminal and you’re done.
Remove all files from a directory?
- To remove the folder with all its contents(including all interior folders):
12rm -rf /path/to/directory - To remove all the contents of the folder(including all interior folders) but not the folder itself:
12rm -rf /path/to/directory/* - To remove all the “files” from inside a folder(not removing interior folders):
12rm -f /path/to/directory/*
Where:
rm– stands for “remove“-f– stands for “force” which is helpful when you don’t want
Zip/unzip all files in a directory
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cd /path/to/your/folder/www zip -r filename.zip * |
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unzip folder_name.zip |
Unix zip directory but excluded specific subdirectories (and everything within them)
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zip -r myarchive.zip dir1 -x dir1/ignoreDir1\* dir1\ignorDir2\* |
or
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zip -r myarchive.zip * -x ignoreDir1\* ignorDir2\* |
How to make Apache run as current user
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sudo adduser {username} www-data |
or
Edit the following file as root: /etc/apache2/envvars
using the command:
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sudo nano /etc/apache2/envvars |
change the user and group to yourself if there is only one user and you will never have permissions problems again.
I.E., if you are only logging in and running the server as user ‘big_dog’:
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export APACHE_RUN_USER=big_dog export APACHE_RUN_GROUP=big_dog |
Heck, for that matter
How To Set Up mod_rewrite for Apache on Ubuntu 18.04
Prerequisites:-
Make user Apache 2 installed on your server – How To Install Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack on Ubuntu 18.04.
Step 1 — Installing Apache
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sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install apache2 |
Step 2 — Enabling mod_rewrite
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sudo a2enmod rewrite sudo service apache2 restart |
Step 3 — Setting Up .htaccess
In this section, we will setup a .htaccess file for simpler rewrite rule management. A .htaccess
Permissions
The /var/www folder needs to be readable by the www-data system account. Try this :
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sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www sudo chown -R krishna:www-data /var/www sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www |
(1) Allow Apache access to the folders and the files.
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sudo chgrp -R www-data /var/www/html sudo find /var/www/html -type d -exec chmod g+rx {} + sudo find /var/www/html -type f -exec chmod g+r {} + |
This recursively sets the ‘group’ to be www-data for the folders and files. This then gives the web server permission to recurse and get access
List all folder with permission details
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ls -la |
INSTALL Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack on Ubuntu 18.04
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sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install apache2 |
sudo apache2ctl configtest
sudo ufw app list
sudo nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
Inside, at the bottom of the file, add a ServerName directive, pointing to your primary domain name. If you do not have a domain name associated with your server, you can use your server’s public IP address:
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ServerName server_domain_or_IP |
Example:-